Newton's+Laws+of+Motion

We will begin our study of the laws of motion with a video, __//Galileo: On the Shoulders of Giants//__.
 * Activity One

** ** Galileo Galilei Questions about the film:**

1. If the earth spins, why aren't we (and everything else on the surface of the Earth) spun off into space? 2. Why did Galileo insist upon experimentation as the route to knowledge? 3. If you were in Italy and wanted to use a building to demonstrate that heavy objects fall to earth at the same rate as lighter objects, what famous structure would you use? 4. Should the hammer fall as fast on the moon as it did on Earth? Justify your answer. 5. Both the hammer and the feather are affected by wind resistance and friction as they fall to Earth. Why is the feather's rate of fall affected more than that of the hammer? [Hint: use Newton's Second Law of Motion.] 6. Why did the astronauts repeat Galileo's experiment with the feather and the hammer when they reached the moon? **Activity Two** **Young Isaac Newton** After Galileo's death, another scientist followed in his footsteps: [|Sir Isaac Newton]. Answer the following questions about Newton: 1. Why didn't Isaac become a farmer? 2. What historical event ended Sir Isaac's university career? 3. What event supposedly caused Isaac Newton to formulate his theory of gravity? ** Gravity: more than a good idea. It's the LAW. ** Exploring Newton's Laws Sir Isaac Newton established the scientific laws that govern almost all of our daily experiences: driving to school, walking across campus, playing basketball in the gym, as well as some of the larger concepts, such as the launching of a rocket into space and the orbits of the planets around the sun. Newton's Laws, which are considered by many scientists to be the most important laws in physics, are related to the concept of motion. Newton, however, freely admitted that he built upon the work of the great scientists before him. ("If I have seen further, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants"). Galileo, as you know from the film, disputed the findings of Aristotle, creating an uproar not only in the scientific community, but in the religious community as well. Though he was ultimately disgraced, Galileo's findings led Newton to establish his laws of motion.
 * Activity Three

Newton's First Law : In the absence of a net force, a body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in motion indefinitely along the same straight line.** **Newton's Cradle** ** Access this [|physics tutorial]. Complete all of Lesson 1, including: **
 * Can you think of another way to state this law?
 * Newton's First Law
 * Inertia and Mass
 * State of Motion
 * Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
 * If there are questions at the end of any lesson, write the answers on notebook paper.

Answer the following questions:** 1. What is inertia? 2. What is the relationship of inertia to Newton's First Law? 3. Explain the role of inertia in a moving vehicle which comes to a sudden stop, throwing all passengers forward. 4. How are mass and inertia related? 5. Explain how friction acts on the inertia of a moving object. 6. What would happen if there were no friction? 7. What is velocity? 8. What is velocity's relationship to inertia? 9. Restate Newton's first law with respect to velocity. 10. Explain what balanced and unbalanced forces are. 11. When does an object reach equilibrium? 12. How can you know if the forces acting upon an object are balanced or unbalanced?

Class Activity 1
 * Inertia - A Body at Rest**

Class Activity 2
 * And They're Off!**

**Now that you understand all there is to know about inertia, answer the following question: If you're riding in a car and it stops suddenly, do you stop? Select [|Yes], you do stop or [|No], you don't stop. Be sure you read to find out more about inertia whether you missed the question or not.**

Although Newton gave us the law of gravity three hundred years ago, scientists really did not really understand gravity until Einstein explained it. View the [|video] only if you have ear phones!!

**Activity Four** Log onto [|Mr. Noon's site] and click on the physics tutorial. Click on Unit 3 Force. Then go to the October 30 date on the calendar and click on the first site, Newton's Second Law Presentation. Log onto the [|tutorial] referenced above. Scroll down until you find Lesson 3 in the left column. **Complete all of Lesson 3,** including:
 * Newton's Second Law
 * Finding Acceleration
 * Types of Forces (scroll up to Lesson 2 to find this one)
 * Determining the Net Force (also from Lesson 2)
 * Free Fall and Air Resistance
 * Answer all the questions you can on these different sites**.

Also answer the following questions, referencing the above tutorial: 1. State Newton's 2nd Law. 2. What is the relationship of mass to acceleration? 3. What formula is associated with Newton's 2nd Law? 4. What is the unit of measure for force? 5. What is the net force of an object? 6. If you want to determine the acceleration of an object, what information must you have? 7. An object has a mass of 48 N and an acceleration of 40 m/s. What is the force of the object? 8. What is applied force? 9. What is gravitational force? 10. What is normal force? 11. What is the difference between applied force and normal force? 12. What is friction force? 13. What is the difference between mass and weight? 14. What units of measure are used to express mass and weight? 15. The letter //g// is used to indicate acceleration due to gravity. What is the value of //g// on Earth's surface? 16. What is //g// on the moon's surface? Why is there a difference between the two? 17. What are two types of friction forces? 18. What is the net force of an object if the two forces are applied to it in the same direction are 20N and 25N? 19. If an object has a 25N force acting on it in one direction and a 20N force acting on it in the opposite direction, what is its net force? 20. If an object has a 10N force acting on it in one direction and a 10N force acting on it in the opposite direction, what is its net force? 21. When is an object said to be in free fall? 22. What two factors have the greatest affect on the amount of air resistance an object encounters? 23. What is the terminal velocity of a falling object? 24. Why do more massive objects fall faster than less massive objects?

//**Several activities are planned for Newton's Second Law.**// **Activity Five** ** **//__Analysis of the Action-Reaction Law:__//**  The third law stated is correct, but it sometimes can be a little confusing. To actually know what the law means we must understand the meaning of the words “action…reaction”, “opposite” and “equal.”  __**//“Action…reaction”// **__ means that forces always occur in pairs. Single, isolated forces never happen! The two forces involved are called the ‘action force and the reaction force’. These given names are confusing for two reasons:  1) Either force in an interaction can be the ‘action’ force or the ‘reaction’ force.  2) Unfortunately we associate ‘action’ and ‘reaction’ with ‘first an action, then a reaction’.  This is **NOT** what occurs in the third law. The action force and the reaction force exist at the **SAME** time.  //**"Equal"**// means two things:  1) Both forces are exactly the same size. They are equal in magnitude.  2) Both forces exist exactly at the same time. They are equal in time. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//**"Opposite"**// means that the two forces always act in opposite directions, exactly 180 degrees apart. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #c0c0c0; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Jester; font-size: 140%; text-align: center;">**Extra Activities** <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Watch this [|video] only if you have earphones, or if you are willing to keep the volume LOW. //**After completing all the classwork on Newton's Laws, see if you've got what it takes to be a [|millionaire, Newton style].**//
 * Newton's Third Law explains why you experience pain when you hit something with your fist. The harder you hit it, the more it hurts. Newton's third law states that, "for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force." In the example given, you apply an action force with your fist and, at the same time, an equal reaction force is applied to your fist by the object.